📖 Reference

Aviation & ATC abbreviations

A quick-reference glossary for the acronyms you'll hear on frequency and in training — plain-English definitions, no jargon explaining jargon.

AGL

Above Ground Level

Altitude measured from the terrain directly below the aircraft, not sea level.

AIM

Aeronautical Information Manual

The FAA's guide to airspace, procedures, and standard radio phraseology — the basis for most of the calls in this app.

ASOS

Automated Surface Observing System

An automated weather-reporting station, often broadcast on its own discrete frequency near the field.

ATC

Air Traffic Control

The service that directs and separates aircraft, on the ground and in the air.

ATIS

Automatic Terminal Information Service

A looping recorded broadcast of an airport's current weather, active runway, and advisories, tagged with a phonetic letter ("Information Bravo") that changes each update.

AWOS

Automated Weather Observing System

Same idea as ASOS — an automated weather broadcast, common at smaller non-towered airports.

CFI

Certificated Flight Instructor

A pilot certificated by the FAA to teach other pilots.

Class B

Class Bravo airspace

Airspace around the busiest major airports. An explicit ATC clearance is required to enter.

Class C

Class Charlie airspace

Airspace around busy mid-size airports. Two-way radio contact must be established before entering.

Class D

Class Delta airspace

Airspace around smaller towered airports. Two-way radio contact is required before entering.

Class E

Class Echo airspace

Controlled airspace with no radio-contact requirement for VFR flight.

Class G

Class Golf airspace

Uncontrolled airspace — no ATC involvement at all.

CTAF

Common Traffic Advisory Frequency

The shared frequency pilots use to self-announce position and intentions at a non-towered airport.

DA

Decision Altitude

The altitude on a precision approach where the pilot must decide to land or go around.

Density altitude

Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature — the altitude the aircraft actually "feels" like it is performing at.

DME

Distance Measuring Equipment

Tells a pilot their aircraft's slant-range distance to a ground navigation station.

ETA

Estimated Time of Arrival

The predicted clock time an aircraft will reach its destination.

ETE

Estimated Time En Route

The predicted duration of a flight or flight leg.

FAA

Federal Aviation Administration

The U.S. government agency that regulates civil aviation.

FAF

Final Approach Fix

The point where the final descent segment of an instrument approach begins.

FAR

Federal Aviation Regulation

A specific U.S. aviation rule, also cited as "14 CFR" (Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14).

FBO

Fixed Base Operator

The business at an airport providing fuel, parking, and other services to visiting aircraft.

Flight following

An optional ATC traffic-advisory service for VFR aircraft — not mandatory, provided workload permitting.

FSS

Flight Service Station

A facility that provides pilot weather briefings, flight-plan filing, and en route advisories — not ATC separation.

Go-around

Abandoning a landing or approach and climbing back out instead of touching down.

Handoff

When a controller transfers an aircraft to the next facility or frequency.

Hold short

An instruction to stop before a specified point — a runway or taxiway — and not cross it without further clearance.

IAF

Initial Approach Fix

The point where an aircraft begins a published instrument approach procedure.

ICAO

International Civil Aviation Organization

The UN body that sets international aviation standards, including its own phraseology conventions used outside the U.S.

IDENT

A transponder button a pilot presses on ATC request so their radar return highlights momentarily for the controller.

IFR

Instrument Flight Rules

Flying primarily by reference to instruments, under ATC control, used when weather is below VFR minimums.

ILS

Instrument Landing System

A precision approach system using radio beams to guide an aircraft's course and glidepath to a runway in low visibility.

IMC

Instrument Meteorological Conditions

Weather actually too poor to fly VFR — requires IFR.

Line up and wait

An instruction to taxi onto the runway and hold there — not yet cleared for takeoff.

MDA

Minimum Descent Altitude

The lowest altitude allowed on a non-precision approach before the pilot must see the runway or go around.

METAR

Meteorological Aerodrome Report

A routine hourly (or special) surface weather report in a standard coded format.

Missed approach

The published procedure a pilot flies after a go-around on an instrument approach.

MOA

Military Operations Area

Airspace where military training activity occurs. VFR flight through it is permitted but caution is advised.

MSL

Mean Sea Level

Altitude measured from average sea level — what most altimeters read.

NDB

Non-Directional Beacon

An older ground radio beacon that aircraft home in on with an ADF receiver.

NOTAM

Notice to Air Missions

A time-critical notice about a hazard, closure, or change — e.g. a closed runway — not yet reflected on charts.

PAPI

Precision Approach Path Indicator

A light system on the runway showing whether an aircraft is above, on, or below the glidepath.

PIC

Pilot in Command

The pilot who is legally responsible for, and has final authority over, the flight.

POH

Pilot's Operating Handbook

The aircraft-specific manual with performance data, limitations, and procedures.

PPL

Private Pilot License

The certificate most pilots earn first, allowing non-commercial flight. (The FAA's formal term is "Private Pilot Certificate.")

QNH

Altimeter setting

The current barometric pressure setting dialed into an altimeter so it reads altitude above sea level.

RNAV

Area Navigation

GPS/computer-based navigation that lets an aircraft fly a direct or defined path without relying on ground stations.

Roger

"Message received and understood" — does not by itself mean agreement or compliance.

Say again

A request to repeat the last transmission.

SID

Standard Instrument Departure

A published, charted departure procedure for IFR flights out of an airport.

Squawk

The four-digit transponder code ATC assigns an aircraft so it can be identified on radar.

Standby

"Wait — I'll get back to you," used by either a pilot or a controller.

STAR

Standard Terminal Arrival Route

A published, charted arrival procedure for IFR flights into an airport.

TAF

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

A coded weather forecast for an airport, typically valid 24–30 hours out.

TFR

Temporary Flight Restriction

A temporary no-fly or restricted area — for example over a wildfire, a stadium, or a VIP movement.

UNICOM

A non-ATC radio service, often FBO staff, at many non-towered airports that can pass advisories like wind and traffic; frequently shares the CTAF.

VASI

Visual Approach Slope Indicator

An older-style version of the same above/on/below glidepath light system as PAPI.

VFR

Visual Flight Rules

Flying by visual reference to the ground and horizon, in weather clear enough to see and avoid other traffic.

VMC

Visual Meteorological Conditions

Weather actually good enough to fly VFR.

VOR

VHF Omnidirectional Range

A ground navigation beacon that broadcasts bearings a pilot's instruments use to fly to or from a fixed point.

Wilco

"Will comply" — the pilot acknowledges an instruction AND will follow it (more than just "Roger").

XPDR

Transponder

The onboard radio that reports an aircraft's squawk code (and altitude) to ATC radar.